The Human Conceptualization of the State Essay Example for Free

The Human Conceptualization of the State Essay John Locke, in the Second Treatise of Civil Government, envisions a social contract in which individuals are naturally in a state of perfect freedom, in which they utilize objects as well as themselves as they desire; which is within the law of nature wherein all mankind was created, by God, equally. Therefore, all humans should be equal amongst fellow beings of the same species and rank without subordination or subjugation. However, Locke specifies that the exception is only when God designates one individual over another, giving that person undeniable right to be of the ruling â€Å"class†. This means that only persons, designated by God to be superior, are the sole individuals rightfully chosen to rule other beings of the same species. (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 4). In addition to this, he states that all people must treat others, of the same species and rank, with the same courtesies they would expect or desire for themselves (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 5). However, individuals are subject to uncontrollable liberty to make use of themselves as well as their possessions; in contrast, they are not at liberty to destroy themselves or a creature which they possess (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6). Based on his ideal of the law of nature, all of mankind being equal, one is not at liberty to destroy another’s property, or cause damage to another’s health, liberty, or life. This is due to God’s ordinance over all human beings, in which they belong to him; as well as the fact that God is the only entity which can, or should, dictate the duration of one’s life (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6). As a result, persons who violate the law of nature are subject to the punishment of that individual who was wronged; extending this not solely to punishment, but also reparation, in which the wrong doer must repay the plaintiff in some manner. In addition, being that when one person is wronged all of humanity is objectified; as a result, any persons whom wish to join the plaintiff’s punishment of the transgressor may do so. However, those persons may not join in the plaintiff’s reparation, as the plaintiff must be the only one to benefit (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 6, 7, 8). An established state, as Locke has put it, should not have the right to punish an individual who is alien to that nation state. However, mankind as a whole can and must punish those who violate the law of nature (Locke, Ch. II Sec.9). These punishments, in Locke’s opinion, should be death [including smaller infractions], due to the fact that any transgression against one man to another is not solely a violation of that singular person’s rights, but a violation of all of mankind’s rights. The goal of punishment being that it prevents others from committing similar crimes (Locke, Ch. II Sec. 11 12). Also, Locke feels that laws which are not based in the law of nature, but rather in self-interest and corruption, are common within the established countries’ governments (Locke, Ch.II Sec. 12). In the establishment of the state, Locke conveys the fact that [based on the law of nature] the rulers of said nations are not superior to the subjects which they rule over. A state is produced as a result of multiple men coming together in a desire to protect their property from the uncertain and cruel state of nature. This preservation results in a commonwealth wherein all of the individuals agree to make compromises to protect life, liberty, and property, resulting in the creation of a system of government and agreed upon laws. However, if a magistrate were to go beyond their duties given to them by the people, at which time they infringe upon others’ rights, they are committing tyranny; in response, the people must pursue anarchy to produce a ruler whom the populous benefits from (Lock, Ch. II Sec. 14; Ch. IV; Ch. VIII; Ch. IX Ch. XVIII). Thomas Hobbes, in the Leviathan, utilizes the metaphor of the state being an artificial human, and to fully understand all of mankind, we must only study one man [rather than all of humanity], which will bring the individual’s introspection to the clear origins of our thoughts, desires, and reasons (Hobbes, Intro.). Hobbes believed that what separated us, humans, from animals was our ability for thought, and through this process humans are able to look inward and discover the reasons behind the laws which humanity has set forth to govern ourselves (Hobbes, Ch. IV). Hobbes believed that the causation for the development of the state was that of fear, which saved human life, by allowing our species to thrive in a commonwealth which benefits all whom take part in it (Hobbes, Ch.XIII). The Law of Nature, which must be discovered through reason, describes a situation which can be paralleled to the â€Å"survival of the fittest† scenario. This is due to its condemnation of destruction of human life, but self-preservation as the ultimate law which governs all of humanity’s actions; though the faculty which Hobbes utilizes, aforementioned fear, can only be solaced through a pursuit of peace, both internally as well as externally (Hobbes, Ch. XIV). This pursuit led humans to seek out an establishment which could ease their fears, which ensued with the eventual conceptualization of the state. On the other hand, Hobbes discusses that though human beings must pursue peace, as required by the laws of nature, our species is also victim to the natural hunger for power, which endeavors to destroy the foundations of a cohesive, effective state (Hobbes, Ch.XVII). Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. 1660 The Leviathan. Oregon State University. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan 2013. http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-contents. html. Locke, John. 1690 The Second Treatise of Civil Government. Oregon State University. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan 2013. http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke2/2nd-contents. html.

Losing Free Speech -- Freedom of Speech

â€Å"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.† These words were spoken by Franà §ois-Marie Arouet, more well known by his pen name, Voltaire (Quotes About Censorship, #36). A French philosopher from the seventeen hundreds, Voltaire is believed to have influenced the Founding Fathers of America. As a matter of fact, this quote makes up the backbone of the First Amendment from the U.S. Constitution, which states: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. While these words were originally written as a kiss-off of sorts to Great Britain, they were also crafted in a way that would transition throughout generations. However, what exactly do these words mean today? How far can someone go and still be able to defend their actions with the phrase â€Å"freedom of speech?† A general rule of thumb that has been used was the fire in a crowded theater example, (it is unlawful to yell â€Å"Fire!† in a crowded room, due to the endangerment of those inside) but society has reached an age where there are more ways than just word of mouth to cause panic. Nowadays, a rapper can send subliminal messages about spousal abuse through a popular song. Nowadays, a simple Facebook conversation between friends on a social networking sites can cause suspension, or in some cases, expulsion. Nowadays, a simple wardrobe malfunction on live, network television can launch a federal investigation spanning five years over whether or not a pop starâ₠¬â„¢s nipple can be deemed â€Å"offensive.† Pop culture has effectiv... .... â€Å"PERSON OF THE YEAR: THE SHORT LIST: JULIAN ASSANGE.† TIME: 90-94. PRINT. HARRIS, MARK. â€Å"CENSOR AND SENSIBILITY.† ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY: 36. PRINT. â€Å"FAQ’S ABOUT THE PARENTS TELEVISION COUNCIL.† PARENTS TELEVISION COUNCIL. THE PARENTS TELEVISION COUNCIL, N.D. WEB. 1 FEB 2011 . â€Å"INTERNET QUOTES, SAYINGS ABOUT THE WORLD WIDE WEB.† THE QUOTE GARDEN. N.D. WEB. 3 FEB 2011 . â€Å"H.S. TEACHER LOSES JOB OVER FACEBOOK POSTING - BOSTON NEWS STORY - WCVB BOSTON.† THE BOSTON CHANNEL. WCVB TV 5, 18 AUGUST 2010. WEB. 12 FEB 2011 . â€Å"CENSORSHIP QUOTES, FREEDOM OF SPEECH SAYINGS.† THE QUOTE GARDEN. N.D. WEB. 7 FEB 2011 .

Gang Developement

Axia College Material Appendix E Gang Development and Control Tables Gang Development Below are descriptions of gang development theories. Copy and paste the correct description into the table below next to the appropriate theory. There are five descriptions and four theories. One description is not valid. †¢ Gang members are violent and rarely show remorse or feelings regarding their violent and criminal actions. Members may join a gang because it provides them a release for their personal problems, which may include drug abuse, low self-esteem, and family problems. Gang members typically come from low income areas and may even be considered to have been â€Å"forced† into gang life in order to survive.The gang provides a sense of belonging in a world where members may lack positive role models and the ability to attain status in a way considered acceptable by society. †¢ Joining a gang is a way to obtain money and protection. It is often seen as a personal decision to gain success. Members who join for this reason feel pride when they get away with a crime and were most likely committing illegal acts long before joining a gang. Members join a gang to have a safe social circle and to learn techniques to communicate through graffiti. Gang members use those techniques to display their gang’s strength and power in their neighborhood. Members who join a gang for this reason are typically involved in drug use and truancy but rarely violent acts of delinquency. †¢ Individuals who join gangs for this reason may have an older family member who is a gang member. They may go through distinct hazing rituals before they can join.The hazing rituals offer assurance that the individual is capable and ready to start his or her new life as a gang member. |Theory |Description | |Anthropological |Individuals who join gangs for this reason may have an older family member who is a gang member. They | | |may go through distinct hazing rituals before the y can join.The hazing rituals offer assurance that | | |the individual is capable and ready to start his or her new life as a gang member. | |Sociocultural |Gang members typically come from low income areas and may even be considered to have been â€Å"forced† into| | |gang life in order to survive. The gang provides a sense of belonging in a world where members may lack| | |positive role models and the ability to attain status in a way considered acceptable by society. |Psychological |Gang members are violent and rarely show remorse or feelings regarding their violent and criminal | | |actions. Members may join a gang because it provides them a release for their personal problems, which | | |may include drug abuse, low self-esteem, and family problems. | | |Joining a gang is a way to obtain money and protection.It is often seen as a personal decision to gain| |Rational Choice |success. Members who join for this reason feel pride when they get away with a crime and were most | | |likely committing illegal acts long before joining a gang. | Gang Control In the table below, describe the gang control methods in your own words and use the Internet to provide an example of a program based on each type of gang control method. Include the name of the Web site and the working URL address in the table. Gang Control Methods |Descriptions |Examples | |Law Enforcement |Law enforcement efforts |From Aug. 23 through Sept. 1, teams of officers working 10-hour shifts, fanned out| |Efforts |refers to the actual |through the city in search of gang members with open warrants, according to a | | |execution of law |Corpus Christi Police Department news release.The warrants ranged from public | | |enforcement. intoxication to murder. | | | | | | | | | | | |Caller. (2010). www. caller. com. Retrieved from | | | |http://www. caller. om/news/2008/sep/03/EARLY-law-enforcement-effort-focuses-gang-| | | |members/ | |Community Control |This term refers to |Probation Division: The P robation Division is charged with the duty of overseeing| |Efforts |community treatment of |those defendants sentenced to misdemeanor probation for criminal offenses by the | | |criminals such as therapy,|17th Judicial Court in compliance with Florida Statues and the Rules of Criminal | | |community service and |Procedure. Following sentencing by the Judge, the defendant is assigned a BSO | | |probation. |probation specialist, who establishes a case management plan. | | | | | | | |Department of Community Control. (2010). www. sheriff. com. Retrieved from | | | |http://sheriff. org/about_bso/dodcc/court/index. cfm |

Disney s Role As A Monopoly - 1578 Words

Disney is always being bashed about how they portray girls as being beautiful and skinny or how the portray ethnic groups in their movies. Disney also is haggled about being a monopoly and taking over other companies to be the only ones. Disney has been around since 1923, which Walt Disney and his brother started making short films about Mickey Mouse. They began to grow rapidly and eventually became the powerhouse they are today. In this quote by Alexandre Bohas professor at University of Paris says, Major Hollywood studios such as Disney wield a power which comes from a material and ideational preponderance in global markets through the transnational scope of product and symbolic universes†(Bohas). Disney’s Portrayal as a monopoly, its marketing to children and its views from the public eye. The start of the disney monopoly. Disney owns hundreds of different companies ranging from radio stations to hotels. 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