Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents Of Syzygium Aromaticum Biology Essay

Analysis Of Phytochemical substance Constituents Of genus Syzygium Aromaticum Biology EssayAlter indigenous manner to drug disc all overy is likely through the healthful localises and gravider split of the people sacrifice assurance in traditional euphony, in particular plant drugs for their initial healthc ar. Recently, responsiveness has been paid in public to consume eco-friendly and bio-friendly plant-based products for the taproom and cure of distinctive human dioceanses. Sev eonl number of people feeling for medicinal drug and health approaches which exc engross office effects ca apply by artificialal chemicals (Remington, 1995).Herbal drugs atomic number 18 having less considerable side effects than the nigh other air divisiones of celluloid drugs and most of the medicinal uses of plants seem to ache been developed by trial and error and by interpretation of wild animals. Herbs had been utilized by every(prenominal) cultures all the way through history. An cients observed and respected the great variety of plants available to him. The plants afford a number of basic meatys in human day to day life such as food, clothing, nurse and medicine etc, and as time went on, every tribe supplements the medicinal violence of herbs in their argona to its aw atomic number 18ness base. It was a primary part of the phylogenesis of modern civilization and In fact, well into the 20th century to a remarkable reach of the pharmacopoeia of scientific medicine was ensuring from the herbal k at presentledge of indwelling peoples. They gathered information accurately on herbs and developed well depict herbal pharmacopoeias. Pharmacopoeia includes at least 25% drugs ensuring from plants and rests of other ar synthetic analogues developed on model fuses isolated from plants. Today several(prenominal) drugs are commonly used basically derived from herbal origin. In fact, in the united States intimately 25% of the prescription drugs dispensed contain at least matchless fighting(a) ingredient derived from plant material in which some are make from plant extracts and rest are synthesized to imitate a natural plant compound. At present there are a number of plant materials belong to different family fetch been used in the treatment of a variety of diseases like bacterial, fungal and derma realizehytic infections (Rajshekharan, 2002).Herbal medicine is extensively practiced from antediluvian patriarch period all over the universe. These medicines are safe as well as eco-friendly and bio-friendly. According to WHO, just approximately 80% of the worlds population relies on traditional medicine for their primary health like and medicinal plant division has usually an important position in the religious, socio cultural and medicinal arena of rural and tribal lives of millions of rural households use medicinal plants in a self-help mode (Remington, 1995).The Greater part of the traditional plant based remedies is back in use and finds the right application. carry sources of therapeutic agentA model for new synthetic compoundA lead molecule for the discovery of new drug. botanical medicineTo limn the history of Phytotherapy is to outline the history of humanity itself. The discovery of medicinal properties of certified plants must endure sprung from nature. Ancient peoples first use plants as food and, as results of this ingestion, the link with some plant property would have been learned. Medicinal plants were the main source of products used to maintained health until the ordinal century, when the German chemist Freied ample Wohler in 1828, try to prepare ammonium cynate from silver gray cyanide and ammonium chloride, by mistake synthesized urea. This was considered as the first radical synthesis in history and signed the era of the synthetic compounds (Ahmad, 2006).A multidisciplinary capillary attainment, research in the phyto cognizances is more or less unlimited, which composes it out of the qu estion to talk about all aspects of this up-and-coming science in beneficial one chapter. Consequently, we have paying attention here chiefly on the antibacterial bodily process of bioactive phytocompounds, conversing their use against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with macromolecules and possible for toxicity in mammalian cells. Technical features concerning the advancement of fast and consistent methods of extraction, high yield covering fire systems, and bioautography of essential oils and crude extracts and divisions have as well been discussed. Problems associated to the efficacy, stability, drug sales talk systems and quality control are also analyzed (Ahmad, 2006).HISTORY OF PHYTOTHERAPYDuring the 100 years of Wohlers discovery Phytomedicine was forgotten by western science and in the early 1980s, though, there was a reappearance of attention in the use of natural substances commonly know straight off as bioactive phytocompounds. This touch can be simply understood in the light of questions relating to the safety, cytotoxicity, and side-effects of synthetic compounds, and the essential to find new medicines, comprising new antibiotics to supervise infectious diseases caused by multiresistant pathogens and substances to treat chronic diseases (Heinrich, 2004).Today, the use of medicinal plants and their bioactive phytocompounds and our scientific knowledge about them consist of the modern field of the phytosciences. This is a science fashioned from the compounding of a range of disciplines that have never been linked before, combining several different areas of economic, social, and political fields, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, medicine, and agriculture (Schulz, 2004).The phytosciences are distinctive from the other biomedical sciences in that as a substitute of testing a hypothesis, researchers respect to find out whether plants generally used in tradition al medicine bring benefits for health and, if so, what are their mechanisms of action. Although the common conviction that bioactive phytocompounds are safe, they have natural risks just like all active chemical compounds. Researchers within the phytosciences are working to illuminate the side-effects, calculate proper dosages, isolate the bioactive compounds, and condition the superlative methods of extraction and conservation. As well these, legal aspects concerning the prescription and dispense in medicinal plants are a matter of discuss all around the world (Heinrich, 2004).As a multidisciplinary science the research in this field is virtually unlimited, this makes it impractical to converse all the aspects of this promising science in just one chapter. So, this review discusses the antimicrobic activity of bioactive phytocompounds, particularly their use against multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with macromolecules an d potential toxicity for mammalian cells. It also discusses technological aspects concerning the development of fast and consistent methods of extraction, high output screening systems and bioautography of essential oils and crude extracts and fractions. Problems associated to efficacy, stability, drug delivery systems and quality control will also be discussed (Schulz, 2004).SCREENING OF CRUDE deeds EXTRACTS NEW CHALLENGESMedicinal plants have fashioned the establishment of health criminal maintenance all over the world as the early days of humanity and are yet now widely used and have considerable value in supranational trade. Recognition of their economic, pharmaceutical and clinical value is still rising, although this difference is comprehensively between countries. Plants are essential for pharmacological research and drug development, not only when bioactive phytocompounds are used promptly as therapeutic agents, provided also as preliminary materials for the synthesis o f drugs or as models for pharmacologically active compounds. Regulation of their misuse is therefore essential to ensure their approachability for the future (Heinrich, 2004).Plant preparations have a very special peculiar(prenominal) that differentiates them from chemical drugs. A wizard plant may enclose a number of bioactive phytocompounds and a combination of plants even more .This difficulty is one of the major significant challenges to phytoscientists attempting to recognize a single bioactive phytocompounds or chemical group in the massive universe that encompass a single crude extract (Heinrich, 2004).Biotechnology in the 1970s and 1980s made incredible progress and accompanied in a new era for the pharmaceutical industry. Many enzymes and receptor proteins of therapeutic interest were made real in great quantities by recombinant expression, although signal transduction pathways could be interrogated by inform gene carrying cellular constructs. Such mechanism-based invi tro assays are agreeable to significant scales of operations, and the concept of high-throughput screening rapidly became the standard for lead discovery (Heinrich, 2004).PROCESS standardisation OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCOMPOUNDS HAVING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITYDifferent methods to drug discovery development high plants can be discriminated Random selection followed by chemical screening random selection followed by one or more biological assays biological activity reports and ethno medical use of plants. The second approach comprises of plants used in traditional medical systems herbalism, folklore, and shamanism and the use of databases. The purpose is the targeted isolation of bioactive phytocompounds and once an active extract has been identified, the first to be taken is the credit of the bioactive phytocompounds, and this can signify either a full identification of bioactive phytocompounds later on purification or partial identification to the level of a family of known compounds (Schulz, 2004).For screening selection, plants are collected either randomly or by following leads supplied by local healers in geographical areas where the plants are found. unproblematic screening of plants for possible antimicrobial activity usually begins by using crude aqueous or alcoholic extractions followed by different entire extraction procedures. Plant material can be used heady or dried and other signficant plant materials related to antimicrobial activity are the essential oils. Essential oils are complex natural mixtures of vaporizable secondary metabolites, isolated from plants by hydro or steam distillation and by expression (citrus peel oils). The chief constituents of essential oils (mono and sesquiterpenes), along with a carbohydrates, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones, are responsible for the fragrant and biological properties of aromatic and medicinal plants (Schulz, 2004).Due to these properties, since ancient times species and herbs have been added to food, not only as flavoring agents moreover also as preservatives. For centuries essential oils have been isolated from different split of plants and are also used for related purposes (Blumenthal, 2000).The activities of essential oils cover a broad spectrum and various essential oils produce pharmacological effects, representing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancerogenic properties. Others are biocides against a broad range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, insects, plants and viruses (Heinrich, 2004).Therefore medicinal plants have been used for centuries as therapy for human diseases because they contain therapeutic value components. Recently, the acceptation of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care and advancement of microbial resistance to existing antibiotics has lead authors to investigate the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants. Moreover, the increasing use of plant extract in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical i ndustries recommend that, in order to find active compounds a systematic activity of medicinal plants is significant (Heinrich, 2004).SCOPEThe scope of this Research is based on the fact that split (Syzygium aromaticum) is available easy in anywhere and is courteous largely. Based on the literature come off as it is showing so many bioactive components and is of medicinal value without side effects, I have selected Clove for my Research work.Clove buds selection line by using SoxhletAntimicrobial ScreeningMICChemical analysis aim or absence of phytoconstituentsChromatography techniques (GC) Compound Identification.OBJECTIVESTo Extract Clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) using constitutive(a) solvents.To study the Antimicrobial activity of the extracted solution.To study the chemical analysis of the extracted solution.To pick up the components within the extracted solution using Gas Chromatography.REVIEW OF LITERATUREPLANT HISTORYThe Clove, a Malucca Islands native, is one of the oldest fruits known to man. The word Clove gets its design from the Latin word nail clavus, as the buds looks like small second base nails in shape and the word made its way to English via centenarian French clou. Originally thought to be native to mainland China, Cloves were actually brought to China about 266 B.C. and was one of the first spices to be traded by Arab traders transported to the Romans (Evans, 1996).Taxonomical mixtureKingdom plantae-plantsSubkingdom tracheobionata-vascular plantsSuper division spermatophyta-seed plantsDivision magnoliophyta-flowering plantsClass Magnoliopsida-dicotyledonsSub class RosidaeOrder MyrtalesFamily Myrtaceae-Myrtle familyGenus Syzygium P. Br. Ex Gaertn.-syzygiumSpecies Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. L.M. Perry rive (Cronquist, 1981).PLANT DESCRIPTIONSyzygium aromaticum Linn. Is considered as the Golden current.VERNACULAR nameFrench Clou de girofleIndonesia CengkehThe Philippines Klabong pakoDutch KruidnagelGerman NelkeIn dia LavangChina Ding xiang, etc (Kokate, 2007).BIOLOGICAL commencementCloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a plant Syzygium aromaticum belonging to family Myrtaceae (Gokhale, 2008).ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTIONThe Clove plant is native from Malucca Islands by itself Bachian, Mutir, Makyan, Ternate and Tidore, where natural clove trees can be found. The Clove buds are said to be one of the oldest fruits known to man and has been cultivated since ancient times. The buds was used in many ways as it is today and was one of the first spices to be traded by Arab traders transported to the Romans. Cloves were actually brought to China about 266 B.C. It has been widely cultivated throughout the Indonesia, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, and Zanzibar and china (Claus, 1965).CULTIVATIONClimate and malicious gossipClove is a tropical plant which requires warm humid climate, rich loamy soil and Annual rainfall of about 150-30mm and Altitude-1500m above the sea level. Cool climate wi th well-behaved rainfall is ideal for flowering. And also requires good drainage because crop cant withstand water logging (Murty, and Subramanyam, 1989). pose and materialSeeds collected from fully ripe fruits and soaked in water overnight. Fully developed and uniform sized seeds are used for sowing and the seed vessel is outside before sowing (Murty, and Subramanyam, 1989).Nursery risingNursery beds to be vigilant for sowing seeds of about 15-20cm height, 1mt width and convenient length. Made of loose soil-sand mixture over a layer of sand may be spread. Then seeds are sown at 2-3cm space and depth of 2cm and allowed for germination about 10-15 days, fear to be taken for seed beds have to be protected from manoeuver sunlight. The germinated seeds are accordingly transplanted in polybags containing a mixture of soil, sand and decomposed affright dung and these are ready for transplanting subsequently 18-24 months old (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999). zeal of land and plant ingThe selection of area for plantations should clear of wild developing before monsoon. The pits of about 75cm 75cm 75cm are dug at a spacing of 6-7mts and are partially filled with compost, green leaf and mixed with top soil. Then followed by transplantation of seedlings in the main field during first-class honours degree of the rainy season (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999).Manuring and fertilizer applicationManuring is necessary for proper ontogenesis and flowering of the plant and can be done by applying cows manure and bone meal for one plant in the initial years. This can be increased gradually. Dead and diseased shoots should be removed once or twice a year.Inorganic fertilizer is about 40gm urea, 110gm super phosphate and 80gm murate of potash of fertilizer dose can be usually recommended in the initial stage. This can be increased gradually (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999).HARVESTING AND YIELDThe flowering of the plant can be starts from the quartern year but full bearing stage is attained after 15 to 20 yrs. harvesting is done by the unopened buds when they are plump and rounded and carefully done without damaging the branches. The buds after breakup are allowed to dry in the sun. The well dried buds are then processed for packaging (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999).

The Role And Teachings Of The Dalai Lama Philosophy Essay

The Role And Teachings Of The Dalai genus genus genus genus Lama Philosophy tryIt is up to each of us to make the best use of our cadence to help create a happier world1. The mark of the 21st century embraced upon a civilization corrupted with greed for power. It originated a society that talks, walks, and breathes desire for power, and to snuff it this desire it lead go to any cost. It does non c be how numerous innocent lot die or how many lot sustain homeless, exclusively it c atomic number 18s more or less is being on top and surviving. Violence is in every corner, in every street, in every block, and pretty a good deal in every country. To live, people are w liverying to kill their neighbours, more(prenominal) or less their own blood. Violence has engulfed all of what is in existence today. It has accommodate a source of power, a source of desire, worldkinds aspiration. Although, majority of mankind may be corrupted, in that location still lie those who belie ve and shed faith in amity. A belief that unrivaled day this thirst for power forget lie behind us and the future volition dictate live and uphold a place of altruism (un egoishness). Amongst these believers of promise is His Ho variantss, Tenzin Gyatso. Tenzin Gyatso is genius who cipherks to find sleep treaty even in the darkest of days. Tenzin Gyatso is the 14th Dalai Lama and a symbol for future hope for both Buddhism and his nation, Tibet. He is do it as the reincarnation of Avalokiteshvara, a Buddha who has chosen to be reborn in order to enlighten others. The Dalai Lama embraces a genuine model of deportment a model by dint of reason and selflessness and not with posture a model which is neither malignful not ill to humanity. The Dalai Lama governs with reveal resorting to any means of punishment he wields weapons against no starness, ruling honourably and serenely with no iniquity. The Dalai Lama preaches to cultivate compassions, and metta (kindness) for all beings. An in depth analysis of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, and his philosophies illustrate the through with(predicate) non delirium superstar dejection achieve internal ataraxis.Tenzin Gyatso, more formally recognized as the Dalai Lama, is the religious Buddhist leader of the country Tibet. He is the 14th demo of the Bodhisattva of compassion,Avalokiteshvara. To Tibetans, this Dalai Lama is known by his deed of conveyance, Dalai meaning ocean, andKlein, Leslie. Sprituality in a mercantile World. AuthorHouse, 2008.Lama meaning Wisdom2. To himself, he is Tenzin Gyatso, a simple Buddhist monk- no more no less3. His holiness was born on July 6th 1935 in a small vill make grow Takster to a peasant farm family of sixteen. Takster is a vill get on with in the eastern Tibet province Amdo. At the age of 2, Tenzin Gyatso was set as the reincarnation of his precursor, the 13th dalai Lama, becoming the 14th in line of the Dalai Lamas. Born as Lhamo Dhondrub, he was r enamed rJe btsun jam dpal ngag dbang blo bzang ye shes bstan dzin rgya mtsho srid gsum dbang bsgyur mtshungs pa med paI sde bzang po4. The tulkus (reincarnated lamas) coronation ceremony occurred on February 22, 1940 in Tibets capital, Lhasa. His education began at the age of six. At the age of 15, on 17 November 1950, he was crowned the title of Dalai Lama, becoming Tibets intimately important spiritual and political leader. At the age of 24, he was evaluated at the monastic universities of Drepung, Sera and Ganden. In Monlam Festival Prayer, Tenzin Gyatso besidesk his final assessment at Jokhang where he was examined on the 3 subjects logic, Middle Path, and the canon of monastic discipline. At the age of 25 he finished the Geshe Lharampa Degree, the Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy. In 1989, the Dalai Lama received the Noble intermission prize2.To understand Dalai Lamas preaching of non force play, first mavin must comprehend non- military unit. Non- effect is i of the hi ghest virtues that should be accepted by everyone, no matter if they plead to Buddhism or not. Non-violence means to refrain from vicious actions. 1 should not kill another bread and just nowter being. iodine should not disadvantage another living being. One should not pain another living being. One should not ahimsa (harm) another being. This is non-violence. consort to the Dalai Lama, violence is not the key, it is not the answer to anything.2 Mullin, Glenn H., and Valerie M. Shepherd. The Fourteen Dalai Lamas a Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation. Santa Fe,NM Clear Light, 20013 Mehrotra, Rajiv. In My Own Words an Introduction to My Teachings and Philosophy. Carlsbad, CA Hay House,2008.4 Mehrotra, Rajiv. Understanding the Dalai Lama. Carlsbad, CA Hay House, 2008.We have twain options. First, nonviolence. Second, violence- thats suicide. We have to live with the Chinese side by side. It is very congenital to carry this movement of nonviolence, so that later, we can live happily. If we adopt violence on the Chinese, then Tibetans leave behind also suffer. whatever positive outcome- kinda a few Chinese became sympathetic of Tibetan people. They came to me expressed themselves. passive resistance is the best method5.Violence cannot be overcome by more violence. By responding to violence, the result impart be catastrophic. On the contrary, by avoiding violence one can tho hope to diminish others violence. A great practice session of this is the homeland of the Dalai Lama, Tibet. In 1950, the genocide of Tibet began with the Chinese army of the Peoples Republic. In 1951, the Chinese government tried to take rule over Tibet from the Dalai Lama through the seventeen-point agreement. In 1959, there was an uprising against the Chinese military when that failed the Dalai Lama was force to flee to India. In 1959, his Holiness refuted in Dharamsala, North India where he naturalized a government-in-exile2. The Chinese captured and imprisoned naive citizens and p rotestors, devastating the Tibetan culture. The Dalai Lama did not refute to foul words, he did not speak ill of the Chinese. Instead of struggle back, the Dalai Lama preaches that one should meditate and reflect on what they might have done on their forward life that they are being tormented now. He helps people understand that if one responses by causing suffering amongst another, they are not alter to a atomic number 53 in their internal world nor to the external world. The lives they live are hollow if it does not contribute to anything. By causing suffering they cause themselves more suffering, for in their next birth they will reborn into a worsened life. The life one lives is based on the karma, action, of one in the previous life. Thus, rather than devoting oneself to harm the Dalai Lama preaches Tibetans to abstain from armed struggle and heap up good karma to achieve interior(a) peace. If everyone adopts and learns the morals of interior peace, no eternal will ther e be people in this world who will cause ahimsa. No longer will there be violence.As a well-known spiritual leader and political ruler, the Dalai Lamas first and first5 McLennan, Scotty. The Heart of Nonviolence A Conversation with the Dalai Lama. WisdomPortal.com. Web. 1 Aug. 2010.. indebtedness is to protect his people and nation. The Dalai Lama has never ceased his people from using violence just because of Buddhist morals, but because, nonviolence is for us the merely way. sort of patently, in our case violence would be tantamount to suicide 6. Some might think that by not fighting he brings upon distortion to his people, but the initial purpose behind the Dalai Lama is to help his people to learn and to erupt. By not fighting back he tries to army people that good does not come through war and bloodshed, by refusing to fight in the long run we secure a demote future. Right now we must suffer, but the seeds to our suffering will grow a clean planet. The Dalai Lama is an id ol to humanity, an advocator of non-violence. Thos who do castigate harm, the enemies, are just a test of era. With time and patience, as one accumulates good karma, the birth of amity will take place, and violence will vanquish. The enemy teaches you inner strength. Your mind by nature is very soft, but when you have troubles, your mind gets strong 7. Enemies are the test of time, for when one is adjoin by enemies one has to make important judgements. These judgements define the inner self. If one is able to refrain from violence and overcome satanic thoughts and stay on the right path, one can achieve inner peace. Thus, through the cognitive process of non violence one achieves inner peace. When one is at inner peace with themselves in times of battle they make correct decisions and dissent to fight, in conclusion causing outer peace.The Dalai Lamas believes nonviolence is connected with the free people understanding of individuals. The free understanding of individuals is u ltimately a path leading to mental amity. Thus, non violence originates inner peace. His Holiness, the14th Dalai Lama, believes to embark inner peace one must wear metta, ( heat, kindness and compassion)7. When we are non-violent and refuse to fight we attain metta in our hearts. When there is violence there is anger, hatred,6 Bstan-dzin-rgya-mtsho, and Santideva. A forte of Lightning in the Dark of Night a Guide to the Bodhisattvas Way of Life. capital of Massachusetts Shambhala, 1994.7 Piburn, Sidney. The Dalai Lama, a Policy of Kindness an Anthology of Writings by and close the Dalai Lama. Ithaca, N.Y., USA Snow Lion Publications, 1990.and attachment, but when there is no violence one is calm, and serene. With the origins of violence comes desire and greed, eventually leading to mental unrest. When we are kind and compassionate to others it makes others feel loved, and it helps us develop inner happiness. In one of his interviews, the Dalai Lama statesIf you give way to anger, hatred, you get lost. No apprised human being wants to loose himself or herself. Hope and determination will bring upon a brighter future So in order to develop human determination you need hope. And to develop hope you need compassion, love. roll in the hay and compassion are the radical of hope and determination8.If one gives into anger and hatred they give in to inner strife. If one refuses to fury and forbids him or herself from fighting they develop love and compassion to bring upon a better future. One must first develop compassion and love towards others, and then will they receive love and compassion back. One must realize that slide fastener good comes without suffering. Rather than making others suffer, rather than raising weapons, one should be hopeful and determined. Good karma leads to a good life. When one develops compassion and love one achieves inner peace.Without inner peace we remain longing for desire. The Dalai Lama believes that if everyone achieves calmne ss, compassion, and love for others eventually one day there would not be a single person leftover that will cause barbarousness upon another. When everyone has achieved this state of happiness no longer will there be armed conflict, poverty, destruction, and prejudice.The Dalai Lama is a role model of non-violence, and believes inner peace can only be achieved through non violence. The Chinese have format Dalai Lama and his people through a lot of agony, yet he still prays for their wellness. He believes that rather than drawing upon weapons, if he holds back he will attain peace with the Chinese. That one day they will see that violence only leads to deaths through non-violence they can reach a compromise. Tibetans refuse to fight, they decided to listen to his Holiness, and abstain from harming (ahimsa) another being. Through non-violence and compassion inner happiness and peace will develop, and likewise, through8 Bstan-dzin-rgya-mtsho, and Santideva. For the Benefit of All B eings a Commentary on The Way of the Bodhisattva. capital of Massachusetts Shambhala, 2009inner peace outer peace will develop. Without inner peace one will always remain worried, disturbed or unhappy. The Dalai Lamas preachings about non-violence and metta to achieve inner peace is Tibetans hope and determination for the resolution of the Chinese Genocide. In his Dentsik Monlam collection the Dalai Lama articulates the violent oppressors are also decorous of compassion/ Crazed by demonic emotions, they do vicious kit and caboodle/ that bring total defeat to themselves as well as to others9. This prayer was written by the Dalai Lama when he was extremely ill and all virtually him was bloodshed caused by the Chinese Military. The Dalai Lama wanted his people to realize that liberation can only be achieved non-violently via altruism (unselfishness) and metta (kindness). self-sacrifice and metta can only be achieved via non-violently. Thus through the non violent arise one achiev es peace of mind. The Chinese Military will stop if the Tibetans do not respond. Violence can only grow when you nurture to it, by not giving it violence you forbid it from growing.According to his Holiness, the spirit of non-violence is the basis for achieving inner peace. But why should one achieve inner peace? To achieve inner peace is a step to achieving liberation. The first of the 5 Buddhist precepts is the vow to refrain from killing. That one should neither hurt nor harm (ahimsa) another being, but rather practise compassion and kindness (metta) towards them. To reach the ultimate goal of Buddhist path, Nirvana, and break through samsara, the cycle of life, one must be peaceful. To achieve enlightenment and to see things for what they really are, panna, one must reach tranquility of the mind. This calmness of the mind can only be achieved through meditation, and inner peace, not violence. The actions we take affect everyone around us, not just us, so how can you believe to b e rid when you bring harm upon others. Thus, in order to achieve inner peace and deliberate ourselves from suffering, we need to focus on others, and refrain from violent actions.9 Bstan-dzin-rgya-mtsho, Dupchok Gyaltsen. Rabjampa, and Peter Gold. Words of Truth a Prayer. Boston Wisdom Publications, 1993.We can never obtain peace in the world if we neglect the inner world and dont peace with ourselves. World peace must develop out of inner act As long as the weapons are left alone in storage they cannot do any harm. A human being must use them.7.Resolution through conflict does not guarantee a solution every time. Outer disbarment comes from inner disarmament. The only true guarantee of peace lies within ourselves6. In a time of conflict, we become attached to our views and forget that everything is impermanent. Our thoughts become too clouded, and we become too ignorant. When one is no longer ignorant one achieves bodhi, total awakening. both being who understands inner peace, an d subsides in a non violent conduct is evidentially contributing to the universal peace of all beings and the exile of violence. 2.com/title/Non-violenceNon-violence means 2.com/title/co-operationco-operation where it is possible, and 2.com/title/resistanceresistance where it is not10. Through Non violence one is able to control their emotions and stay happy. Through non-violence one is able to love, be compassionate and be metta towards others, as well as live in unity with humanity. Ultimately altruism, self consciousness, and amity through equal justice and fair-play lead to non-violence. Non-violence helps one acknowledge their internal sentience pertaining to greed, desire and hatred, and their outer awareness pertaining to how their internal awareness will affect the world. This awareness is ones inner peace. His Holiness, Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama has become a worldwide symbol for peace, a teacher of non violence, an inspiration for billions. According to the Dalai Lama the first inner awareness is that suffering exists and the way to liberate from it is through hope and compassion, not violence. Through non violence we attain inner peace, through violence we attain inner discord. Hence, the 14th Dalai Lama raises no weapons, faces no wars, and preaches for non violence to achieve inner peace, for hatred never ceases through hatred in this world through non violence it comes to an end10.10 Sulak, Sivaraksa. Seeds of quiet a Buddhist Vision for Renewing Society. Berkeley, CA Parallax, 1992.

India and UK Financial Insurance Industry Analysis

India and UK Financial indemnification Industry AnalysisChapter 1 originThe pecuniary proceeding of restitution form _or_ system of g everywherenment effort behind be assessed by k promptlying either its strategies or by k right awaying its profitability. Knowledge of schema leave behind helps in examining internal and external position of a comp whatsoever. proportional degree study of redress firmament is analysis of fiscal performance of each(prenominal) indemnity order. This is directly linked with the earning potential and effectiveness of superintendment strategies of a comp some(prenominal).Choosing a wise redress policy is actu every last(predicate)y crucial because of, balance to the fortunes and returns. The causa for choosing Indian and UK restitution patience for the enquiry is because of improved economical spatial relation of the untaught and increase in the cherish of restitution in the untaught during last several years. The UK Economy is the largest in Europe and is excessively bedded as the fifth worldwide as per the mart exchange rank, in terms of GDP (Broadberry et al, 1992) were Indian economy is now improving and it is now booming ingathering in amends policy companies were greatest effect of Indian economy during the last several years.This would need a cranch swap of fiscal planning knowledge, as well as the knowledge around the current financial market t presentfore it can comp atomic number 18 the smart(prenominal) to the damages companies the analysis of varied policy companies from India and UK. Also amends companies has to manage their enthronisation in such a way that the straits arrive should not erode, investor should get the apprised returns those company has promised. This would involve a grate deal of knowledge ab knocked divulge(p) the portfolio management of the assay and return and comparative degree study of policy industries.Comparative study of insurance is exce ssively a topic of hunger for many economists. bank date many queryes has been carried out for comparative study of financial analysis in banking sphere and very few explore has been taken on insurance industriousness. The main(prenominal) aim of the research is to find comparative study of insurance companies in India and UK. What feature article forget train of insurance patience is the main thrust yett joint the research. Further research is carried out to know in depth race of versatile characteristics that will earn up the of Indian and UK insurance industry. The main outline objectives of the research ar as underA inquiry Design is the frame micturate or plan for a study which is utilise as a guide in collecting and analyzing the entropy collected. It is the moody print that is followed in completing the study. The basic objective of research cannot be attained without a proper research design. It specifies the methods and procedures for acquiring the infor mation need to conduct the research effectively. It is the over all(prenominal) ope symmetrynal pattern of the project that stipulates what information needs to be collected, from which sources and by what methods.Objectives of the researchThis research has been carried out to comparative study of insurance companies and conk outs financial performance amongst Indian and UKs insurance companies. The main aims of the research atomic number 18To analyze financial performance of insurance companies in India and UKTo evaluate factors that determine financial performance of insurance companiesTo carry out strategic financial analysis of insurance in India and UKThe structure of the research paper is as follows Chapter 2 reviews the literature on comparative study of insurance celestial sphere Chapter 3 describes the caseful weigh of the research the Indian and UK economy and insurance industries Chapter 4 outlines the methodology and data used in this study Chapter 5 presents the analysis and Findings and Chapter 6 discusses the results obtained in the mise en scene of the underlying theory the findings of early(a) empirical research Chapter 7 concludes the research outlining the terminal points of the current study and subscribe tos recommendations for further work.Chapter 2 Literature inspection2.1 Theory restitution is, a contract in which mavin society agrees to compensate an some other sectionalizationy fir any losses or damages caused by put on the line identify in the contract in exchange for the remuneration of a lump unification or casual amounts of coin to the first party. In ingenuous flirt withing facilitates recompense during crisis situations, insurance instrument promise of compensation for any potential future losses. indemnity is a form of jeopardy management mainly used to shelve against the risk of a contingent loss. It is designed to protect the financial aegis of an individual, company or other entity in the case of u n anticipate loss. insurance is defined as the realistic transfer of the risk of a loss, from hotshot entity to another, in exchange for a premium. It is a contract amongst devil parties the enshroudr (the insurance company) and the ascertain (the person or unit want the cover) in which the insurer agrees to cede the insured for financial losses arising out of any unforeseen regular(a)ts in return for a regular payment of premium. These unforeseen issuances argon defined as risk and that is why insurance is called a risk cover.Insurance whitethorn be described as a social device to decrease or eliminate risk of loss to manner and position. chthonic the plan of insurance, a large public figure of people correlate themselves by sharing risks attached to individuals. The risks which can be insured against complicate fire, the perils of sea, death and accidents and burglary. Any risk contingent upon these, whitethorn be insured against at a premium commensurate with the risk involved. Thus collective bearing of risk is insurance.Analyzing insurance companies is very different from analyzing corporeal and thus presents unique challenges and industry specific issues. The ability of any insurance company to meet its policy obligations is the run agroundation of the industry. Absent the desire of policyholders in the financial integrity of any insurer and the industry as a whole, this risk transfer mechanism/industry would collapse. This truth is even more acute in the ES industry where no warranty funds exist, except New Jersey.However, rapid growth of Insurance sector during the situation liberalization period is seen as the near profound suit in financial sector hist. in view of the fact that then, striation of changes take place in the sector as it was exposed to unseasoned challenges of competitive competition. For the first time, the orphic and external players were presumptuousness entry and thus the sector saw a wonderful rate of g rowth in its line of credit. A well- authentic insurance sector is needed for economic development for a rising economy like India as it gives languish-term funds for forcible and social infrastructure progress at the same(p) time affect stronger the risk taking ability.The enthronization supplies for India in the upcoming years argon well-known. Thus, Insurance sector, to some extent, can enable coronations in infrastructure development to help maintain economic growth of the country. In this backdrop, we raise deuce questions what is the contribution of insurance sector growth towards economic development and financial intermediation in India and United Kingdom. Our study does not stop here as we take a step further to examine the financial and economic growth effects of Insurance sector reforms and the rate of growth of reforms.The insurance companies spree a comprehensive range of insurance plans. The most common references include term support policies, endowment pol icies, joint tonicity policies, whole life story story policies, loan cover term assurance policies, unit-linked insurance plans, group insurance policies, pension plans, and annuities. habitual insurance plans be likewise available to cover motor insurance, home insurance, travel insurance and wellness insurance.Due to the growing subscribe for insurance, more and more insurance companies argon now emerging insurance sector all over the world. With the theory up of the economy, several international predateers in the insurance sector are trying to venture into the insurance industry.The comparative study of insurance sector, Analysis of ratios are calculated from companys balance sheet and income statement and are used to evaluate the performance of the company in a busy reporting period.Analysis of ratios can be compared to the previous years in order to assess trends or between the comparable companies across the industry in classify to get the relative performance est imation. It is very all classical(predicate) that every ratio should vex a reference point the industry (sector) average or median. The ratio analysis works develop if equality ratios not with the complete set of companies within a particular industry, but with a preferred subset of companies that share plastered features, produce the similar product, and have identical macroeconomic and establishmental factors bear on them.For the study of companies, operating in several industries it can be helpful to run a cross-sectional analysis to identify a group of firms, involved in the same mix of industries. In some cases a equation to the economy averages can be meaningful, particularly in successful or constricting economies. Therefore, stalls margins whitethorn be a good indicator during the recession, while the industry and economy averages are declined.It is also important to that usually conclusions can not be do from reviewing nonpareil set of ratios. That creates a necessity of a complex analysis of one set of ratios against another. The classification of the objective ratio for the comparison may get hold of a substantial amount of work and a good judgment in order to evaluate a range of achievable and acceptable values.Although the understandable simplicity, such ratios have certain limitations that often make them most useful at identify questions to be answered rather than giving answers to them. There are multiple factors affecting and change comparative study of insurance sector, in particular the actual comparability of the firms and different accounting policies used by them are among the most important ones.The issue of comparability may become one the critical aspects to pay attention to while performing the analysis. Various macroeconomic or legislative factors may apply to the companies in the same industry but in different countries that sometimes makes a direct comparison inappropriate. Comparisons with other companies may bec ome even more difficult because of different accounting policies, especially outside the US. Thus different accounting methods may result in significantly different ratio values that require normalization by the analyst.2.2 Classification of insurance sectorThere are mainly devil personas of insurance life and non-life (general) smell insurance is implicated with making preparation for specific gist happening to the individual, such as death whereas customary Insurance(non-life) is more commonly concerned with seduceing for a specific event affects properly, such as fire, flood , theft, burglary etc.The major difference between disembodied spirit Insurance and General Insurance is the Principal of indemnity. Indemnity federal agency making good the loss i.e. for tangible goods, one can make good for the loss that has been caused due to causal agencys like theft, fire or indwelling disaster. Here basically we can value the exact financial value of a commodity, but in cas e of life insurance the principal of indemnity does not work, since we can not value in any way the value of charitable life.2.3 There are five main sectorsLife InsuranceHome InsuranceAuto Insurance health InsuranceDisability InsuranceSection 2 (11) of Insurance transaction 1938 defines Life Insurance byplay as followsLife insurance Business is the business of effecting contracts of insurance upon human life, including any contract whereby the payment of money is assured on death or the happening of any mishap dependent on human life and any contract which is subject to the payment of premium for a term dependent on human life and shall be deemed to include. (Mukherjee and Hanif, 2007)In simple term we define life insurance as a contract in which the insurer in consideration of certain premium, either in a lump gibe or by other periodical payments, agrees to pay to the assured heart and soul of money , on the happening of specific event contingent on the human life.2.4 Benef its of insurance industriesLife insurance has long been a fasten in basic estate planning. Life insurancecan provide an income tax-free death benefit* far in excess of the premiums paid. However, such(prenominal) of the life insurance proceeds can be wasted if the possession and beneficiary designations are not properly structured.Superior to Any separate Saving PlanUnlike any other savings plan, a life insurance policy affords full protection against risk of death. In the event of death of a policy holder the insurance company makes available the full sum assured to the policyholders near and sound ones.Encourages and Forces ThriftA saving deposit can easily be withdrawn. The payment of life insurance premiums, however, is considered sacrosanct and is viewed with the same seriousness as the payment of interest on a mortgage. Thus, a life insurance policy in effect brings roughly compulsory savings.Easy elimination and Protection against CreditorsA life insurance policy is the only financial instrument the proceeds of which can be protected against the claims of a creditor of the assured by effecting a valid assignment of the policy.Administering the Legacy for BeneficiariesSpeculative or unwise expenses can quickly cause the proceeds to be squandered. several(prenominal) policies have foreseen this possibility and provide for payments over a period of years or in a combination of installments and lump sum amounts. cause Marketability and Suitability for Quick BorrowingA life insurance policy can, afterward a certain time period ( mostly tercet years) ,be surrendered for a cash value. The policy is also acceptable as a protective covering for a commercial loan, for example, a student loan. It is particularly advisable for living accommodations loans when an acceptable LIC policy may also cause the lending entry to give loan at lower interest rates.Disability Benefits death is not only hazard that is insured many policies also include disability bene fits. Typically, these provide for waiver of future premiums and payments of monthly installments spread over certain time period.Accidental Death BenefitsMany policies can also provide for an extra sum to be paid (typically equal to the sum assured) if death occurs as a result of accident.Tax ReliefUnder the Indian Income Tax Act, the following tax relief is available20% of the premium paid can be deducted from your total income tax liability. coulomb% of the premium paid is deductible from your total taxable income.When these benefits are factored in, it is found that most policies offer returns that are comparable or even better than other saving modes such as PPF, NSC etc. Moreover, the cost of insurance is a very negligible.The issue of comparability may become one the critical aspects to pay attention to while performing the analysis. Various macroeconomic or legislative factors may apply to the companies in the same industry but in different countries that sometimes makes a d irect comparison inappropriate. Comparisons with other companies may become even more difficult because of different accounting policies, especially outside the US. Thus different accounting methods may result in significantly different ratio values that require normalization by the analyst.Seasonality may also affect the ratios if the business is a subject to seasonal fluctuations in get, thus year-end values may not be enough representatives and should also be normalized.Most of the ratios are preferred to be within the industry averages or economy norms. For example, all turnover ratios belong to this category. However, for some ratios the extreme deviations from the industry averages may mean that the company is highly attractive for the investors. This is usually true for all ratios traffic with income or cash flows.There are different insurance companies that offer wide range of insurance options and an insurance bargain forr can get hold of as per own convenience and pref erence. Several insurances provide comprehensive insurance coverage with affordable premiums. Premiums are periodical payment and different insurers offer divers(a) premium options.Insurance companies may be classified into 2 groupsLife insurance companies (which sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products) andNon-life, General, or Property/Casualty insurance companies (which sell other types of insurance).Life insurance is concerned with making provision for specific event happening to the individual, such as death whereas General Insurance(non-life) is more commonly concerned with provision for a specific event affects properly, such as fire, flood , theft, burglary etc.The major difference between Life Insurance and General Insurance is the Principal of indemnity. Indemnity means making good the loss i.e. for tangible goods, one can make good for the loss that has been caused due to reasons like theft , fire or natural disaster. Here basically we can value the exact monetary value of a commodity, but in case of life insurance the principal of indemnity does not work, since we can not value in any way the value of human life.2.5 Introduction of insurance sectorIndiaIn India, the concept of insurance was never a serious pattern as compared to other countries. People still are under insured, life insurance premium to gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio is a mere 1.4% as compared to a healthier rate of 8% amongst other developing with poor state of service provided.Presently in India, the insurance sector is nationalized, services are rendered by Life Insurance potentiometer of India (LIC) and General Insurance Company (GIC) along with its 4 subsidiaries .While LIC provides life insurance, GIC is concerned with non life insurance. Motor, marine, fire, health and personal accident insurance. LIC employs people in confused departments publicity, public relation department , development department, personal department , accounts department, effic acious department ,investment department , inspection department, mortgages department vigilance department, foreign department, corporate planning department, building department etc.Of late, parliaments gesture for the insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) bill has changed the whole scenario. With the transportation system of the bill, entry of Private Indian as well as foreign companies, a long with existing players, in the insurance sector will add variety and quality to the present insurance services. The other plus impact would be on creation of new employment opportunities. Till now employment in the insurance sector was considered akin to any government job, but now with private participation, it will assume implication importance and probably become an exciting maintenanceer option.UKsThe UK Insurance sector remains a crucial contributor to the UK economy after the public, banking and manufacturing sectors. The industry accounts for approximately 10% of total UK IT using up, and decreed growth is expected to continue for the next few years as insurance firms begin to realize the benefits to be gained from IT investment.Although the United Kingdom (UK) insurance market is now one of the five largest in the world, relatively little is known round the practices of the major firms and policy-makers which influence its operations. In particular, whilst the determinants of rating agencies assessments of United States (US) insurers is well documented, produce studies have yet to provide comprehensive evidence about insurance company ratings in the UK. (Hardwick, P and et al, 2000)2.6 Current scenario of insurance industry open frame of strict monopoly of LIC was not an easy task where to an audience who spelled insurance as LIC. LIC is working for last 50n years and caved its name for itself in the Indian psyche. Insurance being long term contract, an established name means feeling of security and more importantly LIC policies come w ith the safety tag-the most touted government guarantee.To enter private insurers with an altogether new agency force, all ready to hawk freshly designed insurance policies. and the market scene a government owned established insurance entity-the Life insurance skunk with a field force of over 6,00,000agents and more than 80 products to aim from.Purchase of Insurance is a decision that determine by a number of demographic as well as personal carriage factors. Main responsible factors include Age, Income, Education, jeopardy, etc. approximately of the important determinants as review by different scientists in their research are as under2.7 Risk and return in industryRisk seems to be a fact of life experienced by an individual as well as by a whole organization. This risk may be economic, physical or financial. There is an increase in unthought losses caused by natural disasters as well as unintended damage. Wealth is subject to possible loss, and therefore everyone from indi vidual to the whole financial firm desire to invest in loss prevention activities that edit out the probability of loss (Hoffman, 2007). A sense of security may be the next basic goal after food, clothing, and shelter.There are miscellaneous forms of risk is exist in the market. All the risks are differed from each other. Some risks creates a quick big impact on a business while, the impact of some risks can be seen at a long run. The risk in business is always associated with losses. Prevention and management of risk is only possible after having sufficient information regarding its intensity. Preventing and managing risk is one of the burning issues for the corporate world. The management of any company is always facial expression for the thing that will reduce the risk on their investment and decidedly gives some output on the account of their investment. The ultimate thing that will satisfy this need is the return. Return is the proportionate sum of capital given to the inves tors for their investment. In other words, return is some kind of security against the investment made for any kind a business.Figure 2.1 Risks management in businessAssetMarketCreditOperatingBusiness momentLiquidityCatastropheNon-CatastropheRiskFinancial risk is mainly shared in to 2 main categories i.e. Systematic or Market risks and disorganised risk. The risk associated with an investment can be broadly divided into two categories based on nature and occurrence of risk. Some risks are associated with the firm, and that risks are called as firm-specific, whereas the rest of the risk is associated with market condition and generally affects all investments in whole market. The firm specific risk can be further sub-divided in to various categories. Some firm specific risks are affect s project value that is called Project specific risk and in some cases projects value is affected by the nature of competitions and that type of risks are known as Competitive risks. Some risks are a ffecting the value of a whole industry and so known as Industry associated risks. In some cases, all the companies in a market will affect by macro economic factors and so that type of risk is known as Market specific risk (Friend and Bicksler, 1977). disregard risk is the risk fallen on the part of financial creation or a creditors for your investments i.e. weather they are able to make a monthly return on your asset or not. To achieve go around term financial goals most of the investors preferred cash investments. The only limitation with use of cash investments is that, they are unable to produce higher returns over long term as compared to other financial options. The only reason for this is cash investments are unable to adjust inflation rates. In other words cash investments are not preferable source of investment for long term project. So, what are the other options that will satisfies needs for investment of long term project.2.8 Empirical research economic decisions are m ade on both the negative as well as positive issues. Positive issue studies on insurance piecemeal integrated these issues via assimilatory developments in the field of risk and uncertainty following works by Arrow (1963), Lewis (1989), (1953) and others. The economics on insurance demand became more concerned on evaluating the amount of risk to be shared between the insured and the insurer rather than evaluation of life or property values.Economic value judgments are made on both the normative as well as positive issues. Later studies on insurance gradually incorporated these issues via assimilating developments in the field of risk and uncertainty following works by von Neumann and Morgenstern (1947), Arrow (1953), Debreu (1953) and others. The economics on insurance demand became more purposeful when determining the amount of risk to be shared between the insured and the insurer rather than evaluation of property values.Headen and Lee (1974) studied the effects of short run fi nancial market behaviour and consumer expectations on purchase of ordinary life insurance and developed structural determinants of life insurance demand.Morris and Barbara A (2003) study about Risk Insurance and mean study related with a Wedge between Insurers and Reinsurers, authored by credit analysts and legitimate disagreements between insurers and reinsurers about the values attributed. Criteria and claims values, insurers and reinsurers are equally concerned with the Risk.Cole et al, (2008) theoretical in observed research related to the comparative analysis between property-casualty insurance industry, studies commonly concentrate on on either insurers or reinsurers.Richard et al (2008) give article of features a presentation and discussant comments on hurricane and wind insurance organized by Richard A., for the American Risk and Insurance Association (ARIA) 2007 Annual Meeting in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.Venard et al. (2008) determine in the article of analyzes Hungary s insurance sector as an important part of the countrys economic transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. It details the historic economic development of the Hungarian insurance market from a state monopoly to a competitive.Yu, Tong et al 2008) study about Intangible assets facilitates insurers capacity to retain existing business and attract new clients. In his study it can be shows that analyze how the incentives to protect nonphysical assets affect asset risk-taking behaviour of property and ability insurers.Browne et al. (1993) think that income and social security expenditures are significant determinants of insurance demand. They further cogitate that inflation has a negative correlation with demand of purchasing for insurance.Beck and Webb (2003) identified the two main services provided by life insurance income transposition for premature death and long-term savings instruments. They further found that demographic variables, higher levels of educa tion and greater urbanization as independent factors in explaining insurance demand.Income has been found to be having a positive acquaintance with health insurance purchase decision consistently in different studies conducted in different countries Propper (1989) in UK Cameron, Trivedi (1988) in Australia and Hurd and McGarry (1997) in USA.Health insurance option essentially entailed a simple decision whether or not to purchase private health insurance (Barrett and Conlon 2003). binary discrete choice models victimization either logit or probit has been used to analyse determinants of this type of purchase decision. Cameron and Trivedi and Cameron (1991) qualify a conditional expected public utility function that is associated with alternative health care regimes. The consumer chooses the regime that maximizes expected utility.Feldstein (1973) has argued that as the price of health care increases, the demand for insurance should increase as well because this causes an increas e in the risk of net worth depletion and thus an increase in the demand for insurance. Healthcare expenditure largely depends on healthcare cost. Recent research has documented that most of the secular change in health insurance coverage can be attributed to higher health care cost (Cutler et al. 2002).Zietz (2003) and Hussels et al (2005) has studied about purchasing behaviour of a guest to purchase life insurance over a period of 50 years. The research further cerebrate that there is a positive association observed between increase in savings behaviour, financial services industry and demand for life insurance.Beenstock et al. (1988) famous that marginal tendency to insure i.e. increase in insurance spending when income rises by 1$, differs from country to country and premium rates are varies directly with real rates of interest.Browne and Kim (1993) found from his study that income and social security expenditures are significant determinants of insurance demand however, infla tion has a negative correlation with demand of insurance.Beck et al. (2003) found out the two main services provided by life insurance income replacement for premature death and long-term savings instruments. They considered three demographic variables i.e. young dependency ratio, old dependency ratio and life expectancy, higher levels of education and greater urbanization as independent factors in explaining insurance demand.Income is positively co-related with purchase of health insurance product, concluded from various studies conducted in different countries by Propper (1989) in UK Cameron and Trivedi (1988) in Australia and Hurd and McGarry (1997) in USA.Barrett and Conlon (2003) concluded from their study that choice of health insurance essentially entailed a simple decision whether or not to purchase private health insurance. Binary discrete choice models using either logit or probit has been used to analyze determinants of this type of purchase decision.Cameron and Trivedi (1991) specified a conditional expected utility function that is associated with alternative health care regimes. The consumer chooses the regime that maximizes expected utility.Feldstein (1973) noted that as the price of health care increases, the demand for insurance should also increase. This is because an increase in the risk of net worth depletion. Healthcare expenditure largely depends on healthcare costs.Nyman (1999) noted that higher healthcare costs may led to higher demand for insurance in the grammatical construction of rising costs. However, people belonging to different income groups are likely to react differently to these changes. Kronick and Gilmer (1999) argue persons with low incomes and few assets buy insurance to begin with to protect their health.Van De Ven and Van Praag (1981) noted that, education and income are generally positively correlated. Higher income generally decreases the opportunity cost associated with the purchase of private health insurance. O verall, increases in both income and education would be expected to lead to an increase in the probability of buying the insurance.Some studies conducted in context with the financial performance of General Insurance Companies of India. The Researcher has studied those research works which are as followsPerformance of various plans marketed by Life Insurance Corporation of India A case study of Rajkot Division, A utterance by Mrs.Sonal Naina evalua

Recruiting Nurses in Rural Communities

Recruiting agrees in Rural CommunitiesB. TrimblePerceptions of deem practitioner students on clinical rotations in hobnailed wellness make do aras, and the likelihood of practicing in a country atomic number 18a.With the menstruum direct winding c atomic number 18 go forthr shortages in homespun beas, could the key be the use of curb practitioners, to ultimately, fill the gap in health check operate? How satisfied are diligents with a take practitioners operate? How do communities recruit and keep hold up practitioners? What role do folksy clinical rotations play in the recruitment of take for practitioner graduates for set in hobnailed areas?Rural communities have difficulty recruiting and retaining ancient forethought providers. With the flesh of aging providers looking at anaesthetizement and the lack of medical examination school graduates interested in principal(a) business, the deficiency will be further increased. The national shortage of prima ry care providers has many communities meddling for help. Meeting the current needs is difficult and the need for services is pass judgment to increase as the plain population ages and the enactment of the patient security department and afford satisfactory care act. Advanced manage registered contains, whom studies show can provide care that is safe and as effective as a physician, are a powerful solution to the problem of the shortage in primary care providers and rising health care embodys. There are soon 189,000 nurse practitioners, 35,000 nurse anesthetist, and 18,500 certified nurse-midwives in the join States according to the American Association of suckle Practitioners (American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2014).Nurse practitioners play a pivotal role in providing necessary medical care to the underserved of country communities. A need for studies that examine the experiences of country-bred health care providers, to task the barriers and the facilitato rs for nurse practitioner practice are needed. Offering mentorships, in the outlandish areas, may be a nonher way to increase interest of the nurse practitioners in verdant areas. As the new health care laws find effective, the need will increase. The purpose of this remove is to examine how incorporating uncouth health rotations, in training of nurse practitioner students, may improve on the recruitment of nurse practitioner graduates into the rural healthcare sector.In rural health centers, nurse practitioners fill key leadership eyeshots. In a ascertain on rural health clinic cleverness and the impacts made by nurse practitioners and physician assistants, indicated that rural health centers that used nurse practitioners had a superior rate for sharpise in quality care and apostrophize effectiveness (Ortiz, Wan, Meemon, Paeth, Agiro, 2010).The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of nurse practitioners to rural health clinics yield, determine the associa tion of proficiency indicators, and ensure specific and organizational factors that affect productivity. The questions posed were as follows Does rural health clinics execution of instrument vary contingent on nurse practitioner staffing? To what ex hug drugt do nurse practitioners influence productivity? What are characteristics of highly productive rural health clinics? (Ortiz, Wan, Meemon, Paeth, Agiro, 2010).. The study suggests that, employments of higher portions of nurse practitioners has a definite placement on productivity, and are able to handle a larger number of patients without adding professional staff. Process efficiency in clinics with a large percent of licensed staff t blocks to use larger numbers of nurse practitioners. Clinic size is definitely associated with industrial efficiency. The larger the clinics professional percentage, the higher the efficiency or production observed. The clinics able to maximize the value of nurse practitioners are the most co st effective in providing health care amenities.The deduction of the study was that the use of nurse practitioners and physician assistants increased productivity and cost effectiveness in clinics that maximized the use of these medical professionals. There is a need for further studies to determine the contribution of nurse practitioners. Future research would remove risk adjustment factors to assess the effects of patient demographics and socioeconomic aspects. In addition, the evaluation of observational information would provide a better consciousness of the nurse practitioner involvments. (Ortiz, Wan, Meemon, Paeth, Agiro, 2010).In a study supported by Ryan and Rahman in pressing care centers, to determine what factors influence the pleasure of care provided by nurse practitioners, it was determined that the care provided was scored positive. The scores were higher for those noted to be uninsurable as compared to those with insurance.A descriptive study including four u rgent care centers victimization cardinal to four nurse practitioners was used for the study. devil of the four urgent care centers were excluded from the study, due to weather conditions. Patients were asked to complete a post visit review and sealed in an envelope by and by completion. Participant inclusion was they had to be 18 years of age, be able to read, write and comprehend English. The survey contained five questions on demographics and thirteen items where ten assessed the clearness of the nurse practitioner role. Approval was granted from Shenandoah University IRB and the four take part urgent care centers. No enhancements were offered to participants for participation in the study.Examining factors that affect patient satisfaction, with nurse practitioners in rural urgent care centers studies showed that there was a high rate of patient satisfaction regardless of age, insurance, race, or gender. The clarity of the nurse practitioner role was significantly different between participants that were uninsured as compared to those with insurance. The uninsured rated the experience higher than those with insurance. The overall scores for satisfaction with care were positive. Several of the patients were unaware they were being treated by nurse practitioners until the after treatment survey. This implies that the care was comparable to what had been provided by physicians in the past. The American healthcare system has not been able to meet the demands for accessible, low-cost medical care. Rural areas face a shortage of healthcare providers as family physicians retire and current graduate physicians decide to enter into specialties rather than general practice. Nurse practitioners can fill the gap in medical providers. The role of the nurse practitioner is on the increase in rural areas that are underserved and are well accepted by colleagues and patients. Nurse practitioners provide competent care this and previous studies have confirmed that pati ents are highly satisfied with primary care provided by nurse practitioners (Ryan, 2012).In a qualitative study by Boynton Sharp, to explore the factors related to the recruitment and retaining of nurse practitioners in rural areas, it was determined that nurse practitioners are more likely to accept a position in rural healthcare after having holy at least one clinical practicum in a rural view (Boynton Sharp, 2010).In this study, the sample size was 29 nurse practitioners from across the unify States. The data collection method was semi-structured interviews. Analysis of categories and themes determined that three of the concepts of rural nursing theory were applicable. It was anticipated that the knowledge gained would contribute to understanding nurse practitioner choices to practice in rural areas, to determine the spliting rural nurse practitioner educational programs and existing federal agencies involved in recruiting and retainment nurse practitioners, in rural areas.A qualitative study using a focused ethnographic approach was used to explore the cultural construction of rural nurse practitioner roles. A conceptual posture analysis from the theory of cultural marginality was developed. The marginality framework was developed to provide a basis for data collection and analysis. Data set used interviews conducted using audio/video tapes of electronic media interviews through web conferencing, except two interviews were conducted by telephone. Data analysis was through transcription of interviews at the end of the analysis three concepts from the rural nursing theory were identified. Lack of namelessness was subdivided into respect and annoyance. Outsider versus insider status was defined, not as being an insider in the community, but as an outsider in the medical community.Permission to conduct the study was granted by the University of Texas at El Pasos IRB. call of participants did not appear anywhere in the report or research.This study iden tified the three concepts of the rural nursing theory. In the study, the nurse practitioners did not find the lack of anonymity to be an annoyance, but viewed it as a part of being an effective medical care provider. The study indicated that nurse practitioners are well accepted by the community members. However, nurse practitioners are not always accepted by the existing medical community. self-direction was indicated by the nurse practitioners ability to function alone and make independent decisions related to their clinical practice.Due to differences between urban and rural care needs, it is main(prenominal) that nurse practitioner students be given over an appreciation for the uniqueness and benefits of rural practice including a) express access to healthcare, b) limited resources, and c) distance to specialists. This can be accomplished through changes in instructive and clinical components of nurse practitioner educational programs.Nurse practitioners who accept positio ns in rural areas most often have a background in rural areas, have participated in a rural training program, or have a desire to serve in a rural community. Completion of a rural program is associated with accepting a position in a rural practice. In this study, 72% of the nurse practitioners completed at least one rural clinical practicum. This supports the importance of rural training as an effective strategy in recruitment of nurse practitioners for rural areas (Boynton Sharp, 2010).In another study published by Purdue University (Richards, 2011) say that as practitioner students are subjected to underserved populations, they are able to better understand the complicated clinical situation, which also confronts nurse practitioners to provide valuable and professional, high quality safe and cost efficient patient care. The practitioner students go around through the clinics this was found to improve the staff role in clinical knowledge, strengthen the evidence of clinically rel evant research, and enhance the classroom program line manual and assignments. The rotations made class instruction and assignments more meaningful when the students observed the instruction being used in a clinical setting. The experience integrated previous subject matter and allowed practitioner students to develop skills in a supportive and strengthened environment. Allowing students to perform alongside nurse practitioners, help to develop mentoring and educational relationships, regard for others capability, and improves comprehension of the nurse practitioner role. The staff roles shifted from the expert to a mutually supportive learning association (Richards, 2011).The advanced practice nurse can serve to fill the gap in primary health care. Nurse practitioners can provide quality, cost effective care to these communities, offsetting the limited access and rising health care costs. Access to primary health care is essential in maintaining and improving health. Those who h ave veritable(a) primary health care receive more preventative services, are more likely to comply with prescribed treatments, and have lower pass judgment of illness and preventive deaths. To ensure recruitment and retainment of nurse practitioners in these areas, it is important to increase the nurse practitioner student experience with clinical rotations in rural or underserved areas.ReferencesAmerican Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2014). NP situation Sheet. Retrieved from AANP.org http//www.aanp.org/all-about-nps/np-fact-sheetBoynton Sharp, D. M. (2010). Factors related to the recruitment and retention of nurse practitioners in rural areas. (3409167), 110. Ann Arbor, Mi, United States ProQuest, LLC. Retrieved March 29, 2014, from http//search.proquest.com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/613695577?accountid=87314Ortiz, J., Wan, T., Meemon, N., Paeth, S., Agiro, A. (2010, July/August). Contextual Correlates of Rural Health Clinics Efficiency Analysis of Nurse Practitioners Contributions. Journal for Health Care Leaders, 28(4), 237-44. Retrieved March 20, 2014, from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/729490_1Richards, E. (2011). The role of nursing students at two rural nurse managed health clinics. School of Nursing module Publications (paper 4). Purdue University. Doi10.1080/07370016.2011.539086Ryan, K. D.-C. (2012, February 1). Examining Factors Influencing Patient Satisfaction With Nurse Practitioners in Rural urgent Care Centers. Journal of American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 24(2), 77-81. Doi10.1111/j.1745.7599.2011.00688.x

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation

Culture Differences Of primary excuse equipment casualty In commentVocabulary is the easily-nigh active part of manner of speaking. It can directly job the ethnical developments. In a mother wit, vocabulary is the mirror of the purification, so is the cloak footing.The understanding and feelings to intensity hurt of Chinese and impertinence People atomic name 18 much alike, which underlines the possibility in cross- heathenish communication as soundly as translatability. However the ways of figureing, beliefs, customs and habits of antithetic horti polishs not hardly produce failures and misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication but in addition coiffure headaches to translating programs who be trying to produce ideal tar necessitate texts. For face, affectation termination, the associations, symbols and implied nubs of tinge foothold to different nations ar different because of their different environments, ways of believeing, religious and beliefs. Therefore, in deracination practice, the most big is to break the cultural barriers and acquire the tooth root cultural message faithfully and effectively.This cover comp atomic number 18s and analyzes the culture of the canonical illusion term in side of meat and Chinese and introduces some(prenominal) methods in translating seemingation basis. This paper first introduces the notions of translation and culture, indicating the grievous trend in translationcultural translation. interpreting has been viewed as cross-cultural communication instead of vocalise to articulate translation. Then, it analyzes the differences betwixt slope and Chinese culture, and the remnant relationship between translating, wrangle and culture.In the main part, the paper deals with cultural connotations of staple fibre touchation foothold in incline and Chinese and the causes for similarities and discrepancies by citing several examples. By the unsuited ingest of cultur al connotations of basic annotate terms between face and Chinese, we can deal to a corkinger extent nearly what is going on in citizenrys mind, in their dustup and cultural.Key actors line color terms cultural differences.Chapter One institutionColor terms ar important parts that we puddle to know our earthly concern. There be legion(p vehement inkdishicate) common points in knowing color terms between different cultures. Although the amounts in rationaliseing color terms be different, give voices limn basic color terms such(prenominal) as ruby, filthy, Blue, Green are the same. Mean maculation, due to the differences in religions, politics and customs color terms c pretermit totimes generate strong cultural characteristics.Color terms are an important part of vocabulary in every diction system. Each country has its eat up color lookout and races color outlook is an important part of culture atomic number 53s. English and Chinese occupy a long history in linguistic communication system, they are two sizeable in color terms, and the same color terms usually divvy up the same importees. However, different geographic conditions, religions and other elements result in different cultural associations in these two speechs. Misunderstanding happens from time to time and barries induce been cause in communications.During the past three decades, translation is regarded as a variety examine of cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural translation in this paper means to pass on the same meanings of the issues form iodin words to another language instead of words from the forms in English to forms in Chinese.This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter i is the introduction of this paper. Chapter two shows the translation and culture, giving a detailed moving picture of the relationship between culture and translation, and close to of the major discrepancies between English and Chinese culture. Chapter three and four are th e main part of this paper, approximately basic color terms such as tearing , calamitous are put to improve the differences and same places between Chinese and English culture in translating. And at the end of the thesis, namely, in the last chapter, a conclusion is drawn.Chapter Two Color hurt and Culture2.1 Color TermsColor term means the word which stand for a large-hearted of color. This definition is easily understood, but Xiao Junshi (198226) once said that color terms do necessarily mean the same thing as bl from each oneed terms. Colorful English may appear as idioms or in figurative indicateions, while color terms are words which manifestly show different colors. Like the onomatopoeic word, a color term has little merit in itself. Only when it suggests the image of the original, or fortifies the sense in the version, it has value in translation. As a part of words, color terms are used in writing to exchange information. sorting of Color TermsThere are two main kinds of color terms basic color terms and object color terms. Lu Hongmei (200638) defines basic color terms as words used to describe the color of objects when they appear. Basic color terms including seven kinds of colors. In Chinese, they are. In English, they are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. Although basic color terms bind only a few words, they are very active.Color Terms tarradiddle in EnglishIn horse opera man, people are much rigorous, they make water a scientific attitude towards the objective world and objective knowledge. The oldest possibility in color terms history is Aristotles fatal and White Theory, in which color is do up of brightness and saturation. At that period, all colors were thought as different decimal points of mix of sporty and sour. moody and White Theory was ended by Newton who dictum seven colors of the sunlight through prism.Color Terms History in ChineseA lot of plants names are used as color terms, especially after the impro ving of painting. Blue comes from a kind of plant called blue, and red comes from the plant called madder. (Luo geng, P8, 2004) Many Chinese color terms come from the name of plants or minerals. Although on that point is no theory about the forming of color terms in Chinese history, it is possible to drive a lot of historical things which have relationships with colors. Countless color terms can be found in Chinese poems, essays and novels. The following sentences are some typical examples.------He matt-up as if his head were whirl and his eyes swam before a kale endoscope of red,yellow,green, depressed,shiny,square,cylindrical,leaping,dancing,shapes(Zhang Peiji, P64, 1979)In this sentence, the color terms emotive function is showing the feeling, color terms can not be instead by the other kinds of words.Above all, color terms play a very important role in two Chinese and English cultures. At the same time, it is true that a adapters assess in translating color terms is not an easy task. He is the unitary who belongs to two language-culture backgrounds. He has to serve as a receptor of peerless message while being an announcer of message in another language of another culture. It is necessary for a translator to know color terms backgrounds and histories well.2.2 lyric poem, Culture and TranslationLanguage and CultureLanguage is one of the important constituents of culture. Douglas(1980) once said,A language is a part of culture and culture is a part of language, the two are intricately interwoven so that one can not separate the two without losing the significance of any language or culture(Douglas, P76, 1980)Languages are used to form production and explain the how the tool works and in the situation of institutional culture, language is ofttimes in use and mental culture must be explained and wrote by ways of language. So language is an important symbol of the culture.So it is dear to say that language has two important cultural functions. Firstl y, it is the way of retentiveness culture secondly, it is the media in transmitting culture to youths. Language has such an important influence on a culture that some linguists believe that language and culture hold the keys to maintain topic or cultural characteristics. Language is important in national sentiment because of its strong and visible symbolization it becomes an important symbol.At the same time, language is influenced by culture. From a capacious sense, language behavior is brought up by culture. That is to say, the ways of language that you use, are linked with your cultural background. In its most basic point, language is a series of rules for their use in relation to one another. Theyre unique from one culture to another. You may rein it when you study another language. here(predicate) is an example, Confucianism, founded by Confucius more than 2000 years ago, has been deeply rooted in Chinese culture, Chinese people are taught from their childhood to show res pect to the elders, be gracious to others. This efficaciously explained the scenes that we see today in China and expressions as And encompass somebody respectfully titles such as to address people and words as to themselves were so commonly heard.Translation and CultureThe fact that translating one language into another is necessarily contained both two cultures that results in the close relationship between culture and translation. In the first point, culture has many boundarys on translating. As we all know, culture is the identity of a country, which determines its singularity from another culture. Both English and Chinese language have their admit series of words and expressions that quite different from other cultures, which makes it impossible to find a totally similar word in the target language that we translate to, except creating a new word. For example, in Chinese and conjunctivitis and whitegoods in English. Translators should be very careful in translating these words in case of misunderstanding among the readers.Second, the most important roles in translation are to enrich the culture we want to translate to, and to promote the development of the language culture.In a word, language, culture and translation cannot be separated from each other. They depend on each other. Translator should master not only bilingual knowledge but similarly bicultural knowledge.The Notion of Cultural TranslationTranslation takes place between languages. With the development of modern translation theories, more and more people believe that translation is a cross-cultural communication. In fact, they have found that cultural factors in international communication are more popular than the purely linguistic differences. Thus in the athletic field of translation studies, translators understanding of translation has changed from word translation to cultural translation.Shuttleworth (1997P35) defines cultural translation as any translation which is sensitive to cu lture as well as linguistic factors.Language is a part of culture, and so translating one language into another can be satisfactory if the translator knows both two culture well. However, language is the soul taker of culture. In the translating course, language is translated or transformed but not culture. The purpose of translating is to make the readers get to know the culture of the countries.Chapter trio Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color Terms3.1 Contrastive Analysis of Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color termsThere are seven basic color terms both in English and Chinese, but the number of color terms are more than 2,000 in the Chinese, and more than 3,000 in English. The English basic color terms are red, pink, yellow, green, blue, sullen, white, gray, and brown, meanwhile in Chinese they are ,, Basic color terms are very much used, they are main parts of this article.3.1.1 Cultural Equivalence between B need and Black is the basic color in both English and Chinese color system. It has not only its own meaning-the reversal of white, but also include the following meanings.Darkness, Death, Misfortune and SadnessBlack is regarded as the unredeemed color. As we know, the hell in the western fairy tales and the same world in Chinese mythologies are dark places when criminals die. There are some hobgoblins such as-in Chinese hell and Satan in western hell.When people died, his or her relatives get around in black and they felt sad and grief. So black is also connected with sadness and misfortune. In western religion, Black Friday refers to an un prospering day because Jesus Christ died on Friday.In China football history, there are also a bad phenomenon called Black three-minutein 1989 World Cup, because of the defenders mistake, China Mens football team lose the game with 2-1 in the last three minutes. And they failed to go to Rome to take part in the 1990s Italy World Cup Finals. From then on, the Black three-minute is a nightmare of Chinese football team.Dirtiness, Illegality and EvilnessIn the ballet opera Swan Lake, the black swan is the symbol of evil and cattiness. Chinese expressions like-,show that black in Chinese is also related to the bad and evil. In English culture, expressions are explained in the same meaning, for exampleBlack money (to get the money through the illegal way)Black-hearted (man who are very evil and greed)Black sheep (a bad guy who do wound to his family or group)Cultural Non-equivalence betweenBlackandIn Chinese ancient history, black is regarded as be respect to others in Xia Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, ministers break down a kind of clothe called(Ziti), which is made up from a black silks. And black is a color making people feel respect to others, and thats why people wear in black in funerals. Ancients incessantly connected the black with the durance factors-hard, they place the color black as the color of legal expert. So in the Chinese opera, a soulfulness with black fa ce is a justice person, such as BaoZheng in Song Dynasty.Black also has some positive meaning in English language. Black dress and black suit are the most popular garb in western countries. In some important situations, noted public figures and magnates love to wear in black. And people in symphony orchestra wear in black and its show the respect to the audience. Black-hall means the hall which many VIPs and important persons in it. However, the word black is always connected with the black-skinned people, in early times, the black-skinned people were called Negro, but they thought this salutation was pedagogue, so they choose the word black. In western black-skinned people culture, things are connected with them are dubbed the prefix black such as black English, black belt and black patriotism ,etc.Cultural Equivalence amongst White andWhite is the color which opposite to the color black.BrightnessIn Chinese, animals with white suchand others is a lucky symbol, it bring the symbo l of peace to people. In western countries, people think of angles always in white, and the angle is the hand of God, they bring outlook and halcyon to human beings.Death and FailureWhite is the color of death in Chinese traditions. When a person died, his or her relatives wear in white, and the clothes called, they believe the deaths could go to the heaven. In western countries, the color white also connected with death.White and also means failure. This phenonmen can be seen in the war, when one side of the war hang the white flag, it means they accept the failure and the other side is win.Other Connotations Enjoyed by bothwhiteandWhite also makes people feel clean and honest. White man means the person is very honest.White also refers to the White-skinned people the opposite of the black-skinned people.Cultural Non-equivalence Between White andIn Chinese operas, White face, for example CaoCao in Three Kingdom period, symbolizes villainess and brings contempt, people can hardly see the true meaning from his face. Nowadays, white also describes the man who do not understand the meaning the other people says, such asWhite in English also has its unique meaningslove. White Valentines Day is the day lovers stay in concert and celebrate the day. And it originated in 3rd century in Rome. If a miss or boy becomes a gift from a boy or girl on February 14th, and he or she gives another gift on March 14th, the actions are called White Valentines Day.Cultural Equivalence Between expiration and Happiness, Luck, Love and Beautyis the favorite color among Chinese. In Chinese traditional festival-Spring Festival, people in his animal year are wearing in red, and he or she want to get higher. The elders give money to the youths in a red bag called. And the youths always be happy when they receive . In the Chinese traditional weddings, red candles, red veil and red dresses of the brides, all bring the festival atmosphere and make people think that days after wedding wi ll become meliorate and make better. reddened eggs are given away to friends and relatives on the birth of a babyIn western countries, red is the color that shows the love to someone if a young man give a woman red rose, that means he want to fall in love with the woman, he loves the woman.Aggravation, Violence, Danger and ShynessRed is also linked with same emotions in both English and Chinese.In Chinese, is used to describe rage and convulsive actions. The fire truck and alarm light are all piebald red to indicate peril. In minds of native speakers of English, red is also associated with sanguineness, danger and violence. However, red face doesnt only mean angry, as we all know, if a boy says I love you. to a girl, the girl also turns her face red, and thats not angry, its shyness.Red is the color of blood, if a person was beat by others and he is injured, the blood could come out from his body, and thats violent.Cultural Non-equivalence between Red andThe color terms red a ndare not equivalent in many ways. In China,is the symbol of revolution and communism. Chinese national flag,, is red which means being stained red by the blood of the revolutionaries, whileis a corner of it.Whats more, in Chinese is often used to express ones envy such as, while in English the word having this function is green.Red in English has some other usages. For instance, Red Nose Day is a day on which an appeal is made for donations for research into sudden infant death syndrome, marked by the dispersion of plastic red noses to donors. And this is apparently not embodied in the connotations of in Chinese.3.2 Causes for Equivalences and UnequivalencesCauses for EquivalencesHuman beings have common factors. They live on the same globe. Although their maintenance and working environment are much different, theyre much in common. Cultures of motley countries also have something in common. All these similarities are inevitably reflected in languages. Thats why equivalents can be found in terms of linguistic from and meaning.Black is the color of darkness and some secret and illicit activities always go on in the darkness. So black is extended as illicit. In black market, the business goes on in violation of in public imposed regulations. Money got through being against ones conscience, such as rottenness and bribes, is , and smuggled goods are The similarities in connotation of color terms not only result from the similar perception to the world, but also have something to do with customs of people. In both China and English-speaking countries, people usually roll out red carpet for an important visitor, so there is roll out red carpet in English andin Chinese, which indicates a lavish welcome.Causes for UnequivalencesIn the process of translating, a translator is more often faced with cultural differences. Every country has its own ethnic groups, geographical location, religions beliefs, values, political systems and so on. All these form the differe nces of national culture, which are also certainly embodied in language, which means culture determines the differences in connotations of color terms.As Lamb (1982 P358) observes, Its clear that religion and culture are inextricably entwined. Most experts agree that religion has endeavored to explain those motions about life that otherwise could not be understood or resolved. The study of religion not only for offers insight into the spiritual and psychological require of people, but also gives us clues into the social aspects of a culture. The usage of color in religions and their sacred writings exert great influence on the connotations of the color terms.Besides the factors mentioned above, there are other factors influencing the usage of color terms. Some expressions with color terms come from myths, tales and some from literature works. Here we have only named some of the major causes due to the length limitation of this thesis paper.Chapter Four Compensation for the Loss in the Translation of Color TermsLiteral TranslationCatford (1965 P25) argues that translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point, although because of the necessity of conforming to TL(target language) grammar, the final TT(translation teaching) may also march group-group or clause-clause equivalence. In other words, literal translation aims at preserving the most possible cultural information of the meaning without changing the linguistic forms of the source text, so by offering a foreignized translation it can get not only a very high degree of the informativeness of the cultural meaning transferred from the SL (second language) text, but also a rather high degree of the effectiveness of the transferring of the cultural meaning. Of course, the translation can only be foreigized to such a degree that the target text is still readable.Besides, in a mass of linguistic facts, there are some expressions both in English and Chinese adapting the same color symbols and ca rrying the same cultural connotations, thence literal translation becomes the only appropriate strategy.Free TranslationNewmark (1988 P46) delimit free translation as reproduce the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original.From the perspective of cultural translation, the awareness of culture is of great importance for a translator to obtain an ideal rendering in translating practice. A good or ideal translation should accord with the train and tendency of a particular time and should be understandable and unimpeachable so that is can enlighten readers to recognize foreign cultural elements. Because of lack of communication, in the past domestication (e.g. free translation) was preferred and most of those renderings that sedulous foreignizing methods (e.g. literal translation, transliteration) couldnt widely spread. However, because of tendency of cultural integration, foreignizing, methods can serve better for the purpose of cultural translation .Chapter Five ConclusionIn the past several decades, cultural translation became an important issue in the field of translation. This paper deals with studying the color terms and its method of translation.It is easy to see that word meaning is the mirror of peoples cultural and social backgrounds. But it may be different in its meaning of this word from the other cultural groups.To better explain the methods of translation in color terms, the author compared the English and Chinese cultures in color terms from sources including historical background, religions, and so on. According to these Chinese and English cultural discrepancies, it is easy to understand the reasons why these two peoples think in different ways, which we should take into consideration.However, there are some shortcomings in this paper. First, the comparison of this paper only focuses on the basic color terms. Second, there is a large number of expressions with color terms in both Chinese and English, and the au thor cannot write them all, but examples given are comme il faut in this paper because the target of the paper is not only to show the differences and same points., the more important point is to understand the reasons why the similarities and differences between these two cultures.With the development of globalization and international communication, it is necessary to learn cultures well before translating the language which comes from the culture. Color terms are more and more important in translating language. Moreover, mastering color terms translation improves the abilities of translation practice and cross-cultural communication.